Which of the following is impacted by engine idling?

Engine idling has a significant impact on fuel efficiency. When a vehicle is idling, the engine continues to consume fuel without providing any forward movement. This waste of fuel can lead to increased operating costs over time, as additional fuel is used unnecessarily. Furthermore, prolonged idling contributes to higher emissions, which can adversely affect environmental conditions.

While a driver's health can be impacted by excessive exposure to exhaust fumes during long idling periods, the most direct and significant effect of idling is on fuel efficiency. Weather conditions and road quality, on the other hand, are external factors that do not directly relate to the operation of the engine while it is idling.